A comparative study of the factors and types of courage in the hadiths of Imam Ali (peace be upon her) and the words of the supreme leader of the revolution

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 . Faculty Member, Department of Islamic Studies, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, (Corresponding Author)

2 Department of Islamic Studies, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Courage means the strength of the heart, which is one of the most important moral virtues and the four principles of moral virtues. Excess in courage is called cowardice and excess in it is called recklessness, which arises from the deviation of courage. It is more important and necessary to know the factors of courage and its areas and types in the life and sayings of Amir al-Mu'minin, peace be upon him, and also to examine the factors and types of this virtue in the thoughts of the supreme leader of the revolution, who is a scholar, commentator, and manager, and who is responsible for the governance of society. . According to the comparative study of the life and words of Amir al-Mu'minin, peace be upon him, as well as the highest position of leadership, courage has many factors and types. Some of the factors that create courage are belief in divine help, trust in God and Islamic law.Regarding its types, we can mention courage in justice and anti-tyranny, courage in action, courage in patience and courage in correct understanding. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical based on library information and internet sources.

Keywords


  1. The Holy Quran, Translated by Mohammad Ali Rezaei Esfahani. (2004). Qom, Iran: Institute for Cultural Research and Publishing, Dar al-Zekr.
  2. Ibn Faris, Ahmad ibn Faris, & Haroon, Abd al-Salam Mohammad. (1984). Mu'jam Maqayis al-Lugha. Qom: Islamic Media Center, Publishing Center.
  3. Ibn Maytham, Maytham ibn Ali, Sharif Razi, Mohammad ibn Husayn, & Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a). (1984). Sharh Nahj al-Balagha (Ibn Maytham). Tehran: Daftar Nashr al-Kitab.
  4. Atabaki, Parviz, Ayati, Abdul Mohammad, Madressi, Mohammad Taqi, Aram, Ahmad, & Sho'ar, Jafar. (1998–1999). Tafsir Hedayat. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi, Islamic Research Foundation.
  5. Akhoondi, Mostafa, Elhami-Nia, Ali Asghar, & Forqani, Ghodratollah. (2005). Jihad in the Mirror of Narrations. Qom: Zamzam Hedayat Publications.
  6. Erbili, Ali ibn Isa, & Shaarani, Abul Hassan. (2005). Kashf al-Ghumma fi Ma'rifat al-A'imma, translated by Ali ibn Hossein Zowari. Tehran: Islamiyya, 3rd edition.
  7. Aristotle, Translated by Lotfi, Mohammad Hassan. (2006). Nicomachean Ethics. Tehran: Tarh-e-No Publications.
  8. Azir, Hamid Reza, Mazaheri, Hossein, & Abolqasem, Mahmoud. (2004). A New Inquiry into Islamic Ethics and Practical Philosophy. Tehran: Zekr Publications.
  9. Amin, Nosrat Bigom, & Ibn Miskawayh, Ahmad ibn Mohammad. (1990). Ethics and the Path to Happiness. Tehran: Feiz Kashani.
  10. Ansarian, Hossein, Kamarei, Khalil, & Shiite Dar al-Erfan Scientific Research Center. (2010). The Element of Courage or Seventy-Two and One Person. Qom: Dar al-Erfan.
  11. Hasan Zadeh Amoli, Hassan. (1996–1998). One Thousand and One Words, 7 Vols. Qom: Bustan-e-Ketab Qom.
  12. Khamenei, Ali (Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran), Supreme Leader’s Representation Office in Universities, Research Division, & Ghodousi Zadeh, Hassan. (2009). Exquisite Points. Qom: Daftar Nashr Ma’aref.
  13. Khansari, Jamal al-Din Mohammad. (1988). Sharh Ghorar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalam. Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
  14. Dashti, Mohammad. (2011). Translation of Nahj al-Balagha. Tehran: Payam-e-Adalat, 2nd edition.
  15. Delshad Tehrani, Mostafa. (2008). The Sun Government. Tehran: Darya Publications, 4th edition.
  16. Rashad, Ali Akbar. (2001). Encyclopedia of Imam Ali, 10 Vols (Biography). Tehran: Islamic Culture and Thought Research Center.
  17. Sajjadi, Jafar. (1996). Philosophical and Theological Sciences Dictionary. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications.
  18. Shartouni, Said. (1995–1996). Aqrab al-Mawarid fi Fasaheh al-Arabiya wa Shawared. Tehran: Endowment Organization and Islamic Charity, Al-Osoah Press.
  19. Shahidi, Jafar, Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, Mehrki, Iraj, Sotoudeh, Gholamreza, & Soltani, Akram. (2011). Dictionary: Dehkhoda Medium Dictionary, 2 Vols. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
  20. Tabatabai, Mohammad Hossein, & Mousavi, Mohammad Bagher. (1999). Tafsir al-Mizan (Translation), 20 Vols. Qom: Islamic Publications Office, Seminary of Qom.
  21. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a), Ibrahim, Mohammad Abul Fazl, & Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Abd al-Hamid ibn Hibat Allah. (2006). Sharh Nahj al-Balagha (Ibn Abi al-Hadid). Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library, 2nd edition.
  22. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a), Amadi, Abd al-Wahid ibn Mohammad, & Rajai, Mahdi. (1991). Ghorar al-Hikam (Corrected by Rajai). Qom: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami.
  23. Feiz al-Islam, Seyed Ali Naqi. (2001). Translation and Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha (Feiz al-Islam). Tehran: Feiz al-Islam Publications, 5th edition.
  24. Qorashi, Seyed Ali Akbar. (2003). Vocabulary of Nahj al-Balagha. Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 2nd edition.
  25. Karajaki, Mohammad ibn Ali, & Naameh, Abdullah. (1991). Kanz al-Fawa’id. Qom: Dar al-Zakhayer.
  26. Lithi Wasiá¹­i, Ali ibn Mohammad, & Hasani Birjandi, Hossein. (1998). Oyun al-Hikam wa al-Mawa’iz. Qom: Scientific Cultural Institution of Dar al-Hadith.
  27. Majlesi, Mohammad Baqer ibn Mohammad Taqi, Mostarhami, Hedayat-Allah, Ghafari, Ali Akbar, Behboodi, Mohammad Baqer, Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taqi, Mahmoodi, Mohammad Baqer, Khosran, Mohammad Mehdi, & others. (1983). Bihar al-Anwar. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
  28. Modarres Vahid, Ahmad. (Undated). Sharh Nahj al-Balagha. Qom: Khayyam.
  29. Motahari, Morteza. (2017). The Complete Works of Martyr Motahari, 28 Vols. Tehran: Sadra, 20th edition.
  30. Motahari, Morteza. (2019). Notes of Martyr Motahari. Tehran: Sadra.
  31. Moghniyeh, Mohammad Jawad. (2008). Fi Zilal Nahj al-Balagha (In the Shade of Nahj al-Balagha). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya.
  32. Makarem Shirazi, Naser. (2001). Message of the Imam: A Fresh and Comprehensive Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya.
  33. Mansouri Larijani, Esmail. (Undated). Manifesto of Justice. Tehran: Mahdi al-Quran.
  34. Mahdavi Damghani, Mohammad (Translator). (1995). The Appearance of History in the Commentary of Nahj al-Balagha by Ibn Abi al-Hadid. Tehran: Nashr-e-Ney.
  35. Nazem Zadeh Qomi, Seyed Asghar. (1996). Manifestations of Wisdom. Qom: Center for Publishing of Islamic Propagation Office, 2nd edition.
  36. Nafisi, Ali Akbar, & Foroughi, Mohammad Ali. (Undated). Nafisi Dictionary. Tehran: Khayyam.
  37. Noori, Hossein ibn Mohammad Taqi, & Ahl al-Bayt^ Institute for the Revival of Heritage. (1988). Khatimat Mustadrak al-Wasa’il. Beirut: Al al-Bayt^ Institute for the Revival of Heritage.
  38. Curtis, Dora F., & Kelly, Lisa L. (2017). "The Impact of Coaching Quality of Life on Psychological Courage and Self-Determination," translated by Fazel Pendar, Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry Cognition, 1, pp. 89–109.
  39. The official website of the Supreme Leader: https://khamenei.ir/.
  40. Khamenei, Ali (2018), "Speech at the meeting with members of the Assembly of Experts": https://khl.ink/f/41994, accessed on 18/01/1403.
  41. Khamenei, Ali (1999), "Speech at the meeting with veterans and martyrs' families": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2948, accessed on 18/01/1403.
  42. Khamenei, Ali (2018), "Speech at the meeting with members of the Assembly of Experts": https://khl.ink/f/41994, accessed on 15/01/1403.
  43. Khamenei, Ali (1999), "Speech at the meeting with veterans and martyrs' families": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2948, accessed on 11/01/1403.
  44. Khamenei, Ali (2019), "Speech at the meeting with system officials": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=42512, accessed on 09/01/1403.
  45. Khamenei, Ali (2006), "Speech at the meeting with elites": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3351, accessed on 08/01/1403.
  46. Khamenei, Ali (2006), "Speech at the meeting with people of East Azerbaijan": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3376, accessed on 13/01/1403.
  47. Khamenei, Ali (1995), "Speech in Friday Prayer sermons": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=2784, accessed on 14/01/1403.
  48. Khamenei, Ali (2016), "Speech at the meeting with mosque prayer leaders of Tehran Province": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=34109, accessed on 09/01/1403.
  49. Khamenei, Ali (2000), "Message of congratulations to the people, government, and Hezbollah of Lebanon on the victory over the Zionist regime": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/message-content?id=3007, accessed on 17/01/1403.
  50. Khamenei, Ali (1991), "Speech at the meeting with families of martyrs from Qom": https://khl.ink/f/2589, accessed on 16/01/1403.
  51. Khamenei, Ali (2020), "Speech via video conference with participants in the ceremony honoring the veterans of defense": https://khl.ink/f/46525, accessed on 07/01/1403.
  52. Khamenei, Ali (2015), "Speech at the Imam Khomeini Naval Science University of Nowshahr": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=30933, accessed on 09/01/1403.
  53. Khamenei, Ali (2017), "Speech at the meeting with a group of students": https://khl.ink/f/36775, accessed on 12/01/1403.
  54. Khamenei, Ali (2007), "Speech at the meeting with the members of the government and executive officials": https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3389, accessed on 09/01/1403.
  55. Khamenei, Ali (2020), "Television speech on the 31st anniversary of Imam Khomeini's passing": https://khl.ink/f/45814, accessed on 06/01/1403.
  56. Khamenei, Ali (2009), "Meeting of the members of the Assembly of Experts with the Leader of the Revolution": https://khl.ink/f/8087, accessed on 10/01/1403.
  57. Noor Digital Library: https://noorlib.ir/.