Validation of the Hadith on the Azerbaijan War and Its Connection to the Karabakh Conflict

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Full professor at Al-Mustafa International University (MIU), Qom, Iran

2 PhD Canadidte in Comparative Exegesis, Al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran

Abstract

In addition to the general challenges in Hadith studies, reports of battles face specific challenges as well. One of these challenges is the validation of such narrations, as in many cases, certain narrations have been matched with events but later proven to be inaccurate. Na'mani (d. 360 AH) has narrated a hadith in his book “Al-Ghaybah (Occultation)” that refers to some end-time events and signs of the emergence of the Mahdi, including narration on a war in which Azerbaijan and Armenia are involved. Since this book is an ancient hadith source and is considered an authentic reference, the question arises as to whether this narration is reliable. Does its correlation with the Karabakh conflict provide sufficient justification? And is the Karabakh war considered a sign of the Mahdi's emergence? This paper, through examining and analyzing topics such as the validation of suspended narrations, the position of the Ka'bah al-Ahbar’s narrations, the validation of singular reports in battles, the application of Azerbaijan in narrations, the discrepancy between the narration's content and the field realities, and the necessity of differentiating the characteristics of the occultation era from the signs of the Mahdi's emergence, concludes that the mentioned narration lacks authenticity in terms of its chain of transmission and does not correspond to the field realities of the Karabakh conflict.

Keywords

References

  1. Quran Karim (The Holy Quran).
  2. Ahangaran, Amir and Fereydoun Allahyari, Historical Geography of the Caucasus from the Perspective of Muslim Historians and Geographers, Geographical Research Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2, No. 101, 1390 SH / 2011 CE.
  3. Ameli, Hossein bin Abd al-Samad, Wusul al-Akhyaar ila Usul al-Akhbaar (The Reaching of the Best Scholars to the Principles of Narrations), Qom, 1401 AH.
  4. Ameli, Shaheed Thani Zain al-Din bin Ali bin Ahmad, al-Ra'ayah fi Ilm al-Darayah (The Reflection on the Science of Dirayah / Narrations), Abd al-Hossein Mohammad Ali Baqqal, Qom: Maktabah al-Mar'ashi, 1367 SH / 1988 CE.
  5. Ashrafi, Morteza, “A Study and Analysis of the Situation of Shi'ites in the Republic of Azerbaijan,” 1396 SH / 2017 CE.
  6. Askari, Seyyed Murtadha, Naqsh -e- Imamat dar Ihya-ye Din (The Role of Leadership in Reviving Religion), Tehran: Bonyad -e- Bi'thah, 1357 SH / 1978 CE.
  7. Astakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Routes and Realms), Iraj Afshar, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi, 1368 SH / 1989 CE.
  8. Bahrani, Seyyed Hashim, Al-Burhan fi Tafsir al-Quran (The Proof in the Exegesis of the Quran), Qom, 1374 SH / 1995 CE.
  9. Baladhuri, Ahmad bin Yahya, Ansab al-Ashraf (The Genealogies of the Nobles), Zakkar, Zarkali, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
  10. Bayat, Kaveh, “Azerbaijan in the Scroll of History: A Look at the Iranian National Movement and Baku Newspapers in the Name Change of Arran and Azerbaijan, 1296-1298 SH,” Tehran: Pardis Danesh, 1390 SH / 2011 CE.
  11. Bukhari, Mohammad bin Ismail, Sahih al-Bukhari, Mustafa Di'b al-Bagha, Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir, 1410 AH.
  12. Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, Dehkhoda Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Tehran: University Publications and Printing Institute, 1377 SH / 1998 CE.
  13. Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Mohammad, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala (Biographies of Eminent Personalities), Beirut: Dar al-Risalah, 1422 AH.
  14. Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Mohammad, Tarikh al-Islam (History of Islam), Umar Abdul Salam Tadmori, 2nd Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1409 AH.
  15. Farahidi, Khalil bin Ahmad, Kitab al-Ayn (The Book of Lexicology), Mahdi Makhzumi, Ibrahim Samarrai, 2nd Edition, Qom: Hijrat, 1410 AH.
  16. Hamawi, Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan (Dictionary of Countries), Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1979 CE.
  17. Hashimi Shahroodi, Seyyed Mahmoud, Farhang -e- Fiqh (Lexicon of Jurisprudence), Mo'asseseh Dairat al-Ma'arif -e- Fiqh -e- Islami, Qom: Markaz -e- Pazhuhesh -e- Farsi al-Ghadir, 1387 SH / 2008 CE.
  18. Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Abd al-Hamid bin Hibat Allah, Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah (Commentary on Nahj al-Balaghah), Qom, Iran, 1404 AH.
  19. Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Ahmad, al-Futuh (The Conquests), Ali Shiri, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa, 1411 AH.
  20. Ibn Babawayh, Mohammad bin Ali, Kamal al-Din wa Tamam al-Ni'mah (Perfection of Religion and Completeness of Blessings), 2nd Edition, Tehran: n.p., 1395 AH.
  21. Ibn Fuqih, Abu Bakr Ishaq Hamedani, Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan (Summary of the Book of Lands), Dakhwiyya and Masoud, Tehran: Iran Cultural Foundation Publications, 1349 SH / 1970 CE.
  22. Ibn Kathir Dimashqi, Ismail, Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim (Exegesis of the Great Quran), Mohammad Hossein Shams al-Din, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Mohammad Ali Baydoun Publications, 1419 AH.
  23. Ibn Khurdadhbih, Abdullah, Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Routes and Realms), Dakhwiyya, Saeed Khakrawand, Andre Miquel, Tehran: Miras-e-Milal Historical Publications Institute, 1371 AH.
  24. Ibn Manzur, Mohammad bin Makram, Lisan al-Arab (The Tongue of Arabs), 3rd Edition, Beirut: 1414 AH.
  25. Ibn Sa’d, Mohammad, Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra (The Great Categories), Mohammad Abd al-Qadir Ata, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1418 AH.
  26. Ibn Uqda al-Kufi, Ahmad bin Mohammad, Fada'il Amir al-Mu'minin (The Merits of the Commander of the Faithful), Qom: n.p., 1424 AH.
  27. Jafariyan, Rasoul, Atlas of Shi'ism , 2nd Edition, Tehran: Geographic Organization Publications, 1388 SH / 2009 CE.
  28. Khamenei, Seyyed Ali, Statement of the Second Step of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, 1397 SH / 2018 CE.
  29. Kho'ei, Abu al-Qasim, Misbah al-Usul (Lantern of Principles of Jurisprudence), 5th Edition, Qom: Maktabah al-Dawari, 1417 AH.
  30. Kulayni, Mohammad bin Ya'qub, Al-Kafi (The Sufficient) (Printed by Islamiyyah Press), Tehran Edition, 4th Edition, Tehran, 1407 AH.
  31. Kulayni, Mohammad bin Ya'qub, Al-Kafi (The Sufficient), Dar al-Hadith Edition, Qom, 1429 AH.
  32. Madirshanechi, Kazem, Dirayeh al-Hadith (The Understanding of Hadith), Qom: Dafater -e- Intisharate Islami, 1364 SH / 1985 CE.
  33. Majlisi, Mohammad Baqir, Bihar al-Anwar (The Seas of Lights), Beirut Edition, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-Arabi, 1403 AH.
  34. Mamqani, Abdullah, Miqbas al-Hidayah fi Ilm al-Darayah (The Source of Guidance in the Science of Dirayah / Narrations), Qom: Chap -e- Mohammad Reza Mamqani, 1413 AH.
  35. Manzoor, Ahmad, Ketab -e- Azerbaijan Chap -e- Skyline Delhi (The Book of Azerbaijan, Published by Skyline Delhi), 2014 CE.
  36. M'arifat, Mohammad and Mohammad Ghaffari Nejad, Bazshenasi-ye Masadir -e- Ahadith -e- Kitab al-Ghaybah Numanī (An Introduction to the Sources of Hadiths in the Book of Numanī's Occultation), Qurarterly Shia Studies, Issue 14, 1397 SH / 2018 CE.
  37. M'arifat, Mohammad Hadi, Tafsir va Mofassiran (Interpretation and Commentators), Qom: Mo'asseseh Farhangi Tamhid, 1380 SH / 2001 CE.
  38. Mashkour, Mohammad Javad, Jughrafiyai Tarikhi Iran -e- Bastan (Historical Geography of Ancient Iran), Tehran: Donyaye Ketab, 1362 SH / 1983 CE.
  39. Mortazavi Ameli, Ja'far, al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-Azam (The Authenticity of the Biography of the Great Prophet), Qom: Dar al-Hadith, 1426 AH.
  40. Mufid, Mohammad bin Mohammad, Al-Irshad fi Ma'rifat Hujaj Allah 'ala al-'Ibad (Guidance in Recognizing the Proofs of God over His Servants), Qom, 1413 AH.
  41. Muslim bin al-Hajjaj Nishapuri, Sahih Muslim, Istanbul: Chap -e- Mohammad Fuad Abdul Baqi, 1981 CE.
  42. Najjashi, Ahmad bin Ali, Fehrest Asma' Musannafi al-Shia (Catalog of Shia Authors' Names), Seyyed Musa Shobeiri Zanjani, Qom: Mo'asseseh al-Nashr al-Islami, 1382 SH / 2003 CE.
  43. Nemati Limaei, Amir, Majmueh-ye Roznameh-haye Jangal (Collection of Jungle Journals), Mashhad: Omide Mehr, 1389 SH / 2010 CE.
  44. Nouri, Hossein, Mustadrak al-Wasa'il wa Mustanbat al-Masa'il (The Complementary Sources of Means and Sourced Issues), Qom, 1408 AH.
  45. Nourizadeh, Ahmad, Tarikh va Farhang -e- Armanestan (History and Culture of Armenia), Tehran: Intisharat Chesmeh, 1376 SH / 1997 CE.
  46. Numanī, Ibn Abi Zaynab, Mohammad bin Ibrahim, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), 2nd Edition, Tehran: Ghaffari, 1376 SH / 1997 CE.
  47. Numanī, Ibn Abi Zaynab, Mohammad bin Ibrahim, al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), Tehran, 1397 AH.
  48. Pasdar Majian, Harand, History of Armenia, Mohammad Qazi, 2nd Edition, Tehran: Zarrin Publications, 1377 SH / 1998 CE.
  49. Qazvini, Imad al-Din Zakariyya, Athar al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-'Ibad (Narrations on the Lands and Chronicles of the Servants), Jahangir Mirza Qajar and Mir Hashim Mohaddes, Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1373 SH / 1994 CE.
  50. Qazvini, Imad al-Din Zakariyya, Athar al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-'Ibad Narrations on the Lands and Chronicles of the Servants), Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1960 CE.
  51. Raghhib Isfahani, Hossein bin Mohammad, Mufarradat Alfaz al-Quran (Vocabulary of Quranic Words), Beirut - Damascus, 1412 AH.
  52. Rashid Rida, Mohammad, Tafsir al-Quran al-Hakim (Interpretation of the Noble Quran), Tafsir al-Manar, Egyptian General Book Organization, 1990 CE.
  53. Raza, Inayatullah, The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Entry "Soviet Azerbaijan" and Entry "Arān," Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation, 1369 AH /1990 CE.
  54. Reza, Inayatollah, Azerbaijan and Arran, N.p.: Nashr -e- Hezar, 1390 SH / 2011 CE.
  55. Sadeqi, Mustafa, Tamoli dar Ravayat-haye Alaam -e- Zahoor (An Investigation into Narrations about the Signs of Appearance), Intezar -e- Mov'oud, No. 8-9, 1382 SH / 2003 CE.
  56. Sadr Ameli, Seyyed Hassan, Nihayat al-Darayeh fi Sharh al-Wajizah lil-Baha'i (The Ultimate Journey in Explaining “The Concise Epistle” by Baha'u'llah), Majd al-Ghorbawi, Masha’r, n.d.
  57. Shobeiri Zanjani, Mohammad Javad, Numanī va Masadir Ghaybah (Numanī and the Sources of Occultation), Intezar Magazine, No. 8, 9, 1382 SH / 2003 CE.
  58. Shushtari, Mohammad Taqi, Qamus Rijal (Dictionary of Narrators), Qom: Jame'at al-Mudarrisin, 1410 AH.
  59. Suyuti, Jalal al-Din, Tadrib al-Rawi (Training the Narrators), Abd al-Wahhab Abd al-Latif, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub, n.d.
  60. Tabari, Mohammad bin Jarir, Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Quran (The Comprehensive Compilation of the Legal Rulings of the Quran), Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah, 1412 AH.
  61. Tabatabai, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Quran (The Balance in the Interpretation of the Quran), 5th Edition, Qom: Dafater -e- Intisharate Islami, 1417 AH.
  62. Tehrani, Mirza Javad, Aref va Sofi Che Miguyand (What the Mystic and Philosopher Say), Tehran: Afaq, 1390 SH / 2011 CE.
  63. Tehrani, Mohammad Hassan Agha Bozorg, Al-Dhari'ah ila Tasanif al-Shi'a (Guide to the Shi'a Literature and Books), Tehran: Ismailiyan Qom and Islamic Library, 1408 AH.
  64. Tusi, Mohammad bin al-Hassan, Kitab al-Ghaybah lil-Hujjah (The Book of Occultation for Imam Mahdi), Qom, 1411 AH.
  65. Tusi, Mohammad bin al-Hassan, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (The Refinement of Legal Rulings), Khorasan Hassan Musavi, 4th Edition, Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, 1407 AH.
  66. Ya'qubi, Ahmad bin Ishaq, al-Buldan (The Lands), Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Publications of Mohammad Ali Bayzoun, 1422 AH.
  67. Yazdi Hayati, Ali, Ilzam al-Nasib fi Estibat al-Hujjah al-Gha'ib (The Obligating Nasir to Access the Hidden Imam), Beirut, 1422 AH.

 

 

11- Pajooheshname Hadith Tatbighee
Volume 10, Issue 18
August 2023
Pages 199-224

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 25 March 2022
  • Revise Date: 30 January 2023
  • Accept Date: 11 March 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics